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["Science (S1-3) - Lesson Design & Evaluation Tool (Trial version)"]
[]
["School :","ABC college"]
[]
["Level :","S2"]
[]
["Class :","2A"]
[]
["Expected time :","20 minutes","Interactive",{"$f":"D40","v":0}]
[null,null,"Constructive",{"$f":"D32","v":0}]
["Unit :","Living_Things_and_the_Environment","Active",{"$f":"D27","v":10}]
[null,null,"Passive",{"$f":"D23","v":10}]
["Content Area :","6.3. Biodiversity and conservation \n -  effects of human activities on biodiversity and conservation"]
[]
["Learning Outcome 1 :","- recognise the importance of biodiversity to the stability of an ecosystem and the sustainable development of the natural environment"]
[]
["Learning Outcome 2 :","- recognise the importance of environmental conservation and the protection of wild life"]
[]
["Learning Outcome 3 :","---"]
[]
[]
["Expected overt students' learning behaviour","Characteristics of \nengagement mode","L&T Activitiy to be Conducted","Time (min)","TIMSS Teachers Questionnaire","PISA 2021 Creative thinking framework","PISA 2025 Learning in digital world framework"]
["Passive","The activity requires the student to watch a teacher led demonstration or listen to a lecture about the activity. There is no selection of materials or creative production.\n\nIndividual student does not create anything that is not already present in the learning materials. If a procedure is involved, the procedure is rigid and will result in a predetermined outcome.\n\nExamples of action verb of the task:\nListen, Look, Read, Observe","    Ask students listen to teacher explains new science content",10,"Q15a"]
[null,null,"    Ask students watch teacher demonstrates an experiment or investigation",null,"Q15c"]
[null,null,"    Ask students read science textbooks or other resource materials",null,"Q15d"]
[null,null,"    Other: ______________________________________"]
["Active","The activity involves the student performing physical manipulations, usually following a fixed procedure.\n\nIndividual student may engage in a selection process, whereby they choose from multiple content, for example, among various procedures, data, or ways of presentation.\n\nExamples of action verb of the task:\nAnnotate, Calculate, Categorise, Choose, Circle, Complete, Cross out, Describe, Fill in, Find, Follow the procedures, Identify, Label, List, Match, Measure, Record\n","    Ask students describe the natural phenomena observed",10,"Q15b"]
[null,null,"    Ask students use scientific formulas and laws to calculate routine problems under guidance",null,"Q15f"]
[null,null,"    Ask students conduct experiments (hands-on or virtually) according to step-by-step instructions",null,"Q16h"]
[null,null,"    Ask students use computational models, simulations and other tools to generate data according to step-by-step instructions",null,null,null,"P.12"]
[null,null,"    Other: Ask students to choose suitable answers from scientific deduction exercises"]
["Constructive","The activity requires the student to generate new ideas beyond what the materials provide. For example, if the learning activity involves generating a way of representing data and no examples of representing data are presented in the learning materials.\n\nIndividual student would generate something new, that is something beyond what was provided in the learning materials. This could include, for example, a new idea, procedure, or way of representing data.\n\nExamples of action verb of the task:\nAsk questions, Build, Comment, Compare, Connect, Construct, Create, Decide, Determine, Draw, Explain, Generate, Justify, Predict, Sketch, Solve, Suggest, Summarise","    Ask students ask authentic questions about scientific  phenomena",0,"Q16a"]
[null,null,"    Ask students predict the outcomes of experiments or investigations",null,"Q16b"]
[null,null,"    Ask students formulate hypotheses based on observed phenomenon or provided information",null,null,null,"P.12"]
[null,null,"    Ask students use multiple sources of evidence / scientific concepts to explain scientific phenomena",null,"Q16c,16d,16f"]
[null,null,"    Ask students create representations (e.g., models, graphs) to explain scientific phenomena",null,"Q16e"]
[null,null,"    Ask students propose multiple / different / original solution to a scientific problem",null,null,"P.26 Table 1"]
[null,null,"    Ask students draw conclusions from data to support or refute the hypothesis set",null,null,null,"P.12"]
[null,null,"    Other: ______________________________________"]
["Interactive","The activity requires more than one student to generate new ideas beyond what the learning materials provide.\n\nTwo or more students engage in an intrinsically co-constructive activity, including substantial dialoguing rather than parallel monologues, to generate knowledge based on students' interaction.\n\nExamples of action verb of the task:\nBuild upon, Discuss, Elaborate, Evaluate, Revise, Work in groups","    Ask students discuss and propose an original improvement to an experiment or investigation",0,null,"P.26 Table 1"]
[null,null,"    Ask students argue about science questions and summarise by providing supporting and refuting arguments",null,"Q16g"]
[null,null,"    Ask studenets evaluate the quality of the output from computational models, simulations and other tools and sugguest further revisions, if any ",null,null,null,"P.13"]
[null,null,"    Other: ______________________________________"]

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["Unit",null,"Scientific_Practices_I","Looking_at_Living_Things","Human_Reproduction_and_Heredity","Scientific_Practices_II","Earth_and_Space","Living_Things_and_the_Environment","Matter_and_Energy","Atomic_World","Force_and_Motion","Making_Use_of_Electricity","Healthy_Body","Light_and_Sound","Our_Planet_Earth"]
["Scientific_Practices_I","A","1.1. Scientific knowledge\n -  science communication\n -  steps for scientific investigation \n -  applications of science, innovation and technology","2.1. Grouping of living things\n -  key features of different groups of living things\n -  grouping of living things and identification key","3.1. Human reproduction\n-  reproduction\n-  sexual maturity and secondary sexual characteristics\n-  reproductive systems\n-  sex cells: sperm and ovum\n-  fertilisation and implantation","4.1. Scientific investigation \n-  hypothesis \n-  types of investigations\n -  types of variables\n -  control experiment","5.1. The Earth\n -  structure of the Earth\n -  the atmosphere\n -  water cycle","6.1. Photosynthesis and respiration \n -  photosynthesis\n -  respiration","7.1. Particle Theory\n -  basic ideas of particle theory\n -  properties of matter in the three states\n -  thermal expansion and contraction","8.1. Substances\n -  structure of atoms\n -  elements\n -  compounds\n -  pure substances and mixtures","9.1. Characteristics of force and motion\n -  speed, distance and time\n -  contact force and non-contact force\n -  force of gravity, mass and weight\n -  action and reaction","10.1. Electrical circuits\n- circuit diagrams\n- current, voltage and resistance\n- series circuits and parallel circuits\n- heating effect of current","11.1. Keeping our bodies healthy\n -  healthy lifestyles","12.1. Light\n -  basic properties of light\n -  reflection of light\n -  refraction of light\n -  total internal reflection","13.1. The atmosphere\n -  carbon cycle\n -  greenhouse gas removal and storage\n -  fractional distillation of liquid air\n -  air quality"]
["Looking_at_Living_Things","B","1.2. Scientific observation\n -  the use of apparatuses for measurement\n -  accuracy and precision\n -  measurement error\n -  sources of error","2.2. Life cycles\n -  life cycles of animals","3.2. Chromosomes and DNA\n- DNA as the genetic materials","4.2. Scientific reasoning\n -  scientific models\n -  ways of scientific reasoning\n -  uses and limitations of scientific reasoning","5.2. Earth’s resources\n -  water conservation\n -  methods of purification and separation\n -  water pollution and air pollution\n -  fossil fuels and renewable energy sources","6.2. Ecosystems\n -  habitats and ecosystems\n -  producers, consumers and decomposers\n -  food web\n -  interrelationships among organisms","7.2. Density\n -  float and sink","8.2. Physical changes and chemical changes\n -  physical changes\n -  chemical changes","9.2. Effect of force\n -  balanced forces and unbalanced forces","10.2. Magnets\n- permanent magnets and electromagnets\n- magnetic force\n- magnetic effect of current","11.2. Dental care\n -  tooth\n -  dental diseases\n -  effect of taking drugs","12.2. Sight and hearing\n -  main parts of an eye\n -  main parts of an ear","13.2. The Ocean\n -  composition of sea water\n -  extraction of pure water and common salt from sea water\n -  electrolysis of sea water"]
["Human_Reproduction_and_Heredity","C","1.3. Safety in the laboratory\n -  laboratory safety rules\n -  hazard and risk\n -  hazard warning symbols\n -  ways to minimise the risk of accidents in laboratory\n -  fire triangle","2.3. Cells\n-  basic unit of living things\n-  major cell structures and their primary functions\n-  plant cells and animal cells","3.3. Pregnancy and family planning \n- pregnancy and parenting\n- family planning and birth control",null,"5.3. Space exploration\n -  physical features of planets in the solar system\n -  space exploration programmes by our country","6.3. Biodiversity and conservation \n -  effects of human activities on biodiversity and conservation","7.3. Physical states of matter\n -  change of physical states","8.3. Solutions\n -  solute, solvent and solution\n -  concentration\n -  dissolving\n -  solubility","9.3. Pressure \n -  pressure, force and area","10.3. Household electricity\n- household electrical appliances\n- mains voltages and domestic circuits\n- potential hazards in using electricity\n- safety precautions in using electricity\n- power and efficiency of an electrical appliance\n- cost of electricity","11.3. Effects of taking drugs and alcohol\n -  cerebrum and cerebellum","12.3. Sound\n -  general properties of sound\n -  pitch and loudness of a note","13.3.Rocks and minerals\n -  rocks as a source of minerals\n -  metal extraction\n -  different forms of calcium carbonate in Nature\n -  erosion processes\n -  acid rain and ocean acidification"]
["Scientific_Practices_II","D",null,"2.4. Level of organisation of organisms \n-  major organs and the components of systems in human body\n-  role of major organs and systems in sustaining life","3.4. Heredity and variation\n- heredity\n- variation",null,null,"6.4. Climate change\n-  balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in Nature \n-  greenhouse gases emission\n -  alleviating climate change","7.4. Energy Transformation\n -  energy transformation in common processes","8.4. Acids and alkalis\n -  common acids and alkalis\n -  acid-alkalis indicator\n -  pH scale\n -  neutralisation\n -  corrosive nature of acids and alkalis\n -  potential hazards related to the use of acids and alkalis","9.4. Pressure and particle movement\n -  gas pressure",null,"11.4. Effect of smoking\n -  breathing system in humans\n -  harmful effects of smoking","12.4. Convex lenses and concave lenses\n -  image formed by convex lenses\n -  image formed by concave lenses","13.4. Periodic Table\n -  the development of Periodic Table\n -  groups in the Periodic Table"]
["Earth_and_Space","E",null,null,null,null,null,null,"7.5. Heat Transfer\n -  heat transfer processes","8.5. Chemical reaction \n -  matter and chemical reaction \n -  energy releasing and energy absorbing processes",null,null,"11.5. Health and diseases\n -  infectious diseases\n -  non-infectious diseases\n -  biotechnology and health","12.5. Electromagnetic spectrum\n -  visible spectrum\n -  beyond the visible spectrum","13.5. Useful materials from crude oil\n -  crude oil as a mixture of hydrocarbons\n -  fractional distillation\n -  plastics"]
["Living_Things_and_the_Environment","F",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"11.6. Nutrition and health\n -  food substances","12.6. Sound and the environment\n -  audible frequency range\n -  noise pollution","13.6. Environmental problems associated with the use of materials\n -  solutions to the problems of using materials"]
["Matter_and_Energy","G",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"11.7. Digestion and absorption of food\n -  digestive system in humans"]
["Atomic_World","H",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"11.8. Balanced diet and unbalanced diet\n -  balanced diet\n -  unbalanced diet"]
["Force_and_Motion","I"]
["Making_Use_of_Electricity","J"]
["Healthy_Body","K"]
["Light_and_Sound","L"]
["Our_Planet_Earth","M"]

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["- be aware that scientific knowledge is built from experimentation, analysis of data and scientific reasoning based on the evidence","- use appropriate apparatus for heating, mixing and  transferring solution properly and safely (S)","- be aware that a laboratory is a suitable place for conducting scientific investigation","- recognise the need of grouping living things","- compare the life cycles of animals as exemplified by birds, frogs and butterflies","- recognise cells as the basic unit of living things","- recognise that tissues is formed from groups of cells with specialised structures and functions (e.g. nerve, muscle and bone)","- recognise that reproduction is an essential life process to ensure the continuity of humans","- recognise that the chromosomes found in the nucleus of each cell contain the genetic materials, DNA","- state the signs and the length of pregnancy","- state that heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to the next as a result of the transmission of genetic information","- recognise that a hypothesis is a statement to describe, predict or explain some observed phenomenon in nature, and could be tested by scientific investigation (S)","- be aware that modelling is a process by which scientists generate scientific models for describing, explaining or making predictions on scientific phenomenon (S)","- construst a diagram to show the structure of the Earth : Crust, mantle, inner core, and outer core (S)","- construst a table or diagram to show the distribution of fresh water and salt water in different regions on the Earth's surface (S)","- state that the Sun is a star providing light energy and thermal energy to each member of the Solar System","- recognise that photosynthesis is the process that plants make their own food during which light energy is converted to chemical energy","- state that a habitat is the environment in which organisms live","- recognise the importance of biodiversity to the stability of an ecosystem and the sustainable development of the natural environment","- recognise that there is a natural balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in Nature","- recognise basic ideas of the particle theory (e.g. All matters are made of particles, empty spaces exist between particles, particles move randomly)","- perform calculation with the formula :  Density = Mass / Volume (S)","- examine that mass remains unchanged when a substance is melt or frozen (S)","- state the energy transformations that take place in common processes (e.g. photosynthesis in plants, the relative changes in potential energy and kinetic energy of a ball throwing in air vertically)","- infer the direction of transfer of thermal energy between substances at different temperatures and predict the final temperature of the two objects (S)","- describe the basic structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons","- recognise that physical change is a process in which changes in chemical composition are not involved","- recognise that a solution is a mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent","- give examples of common acids and alkalis found at home and in laboratory","- recognise that matter is conserved in a chemical reaction (S)","- use formula (speed = distance / time) to calculate the average speed of a moving object (S)","- interpret the motion of an object when: (S)\n   -> the forces acting on it are balanced\n   -> the forces acting on it are unbalanced","- describe pressure in terms of force and area","- use diagram to explain the existence of gas pressure is due to gas particles hitting against the walls of a container (S)","- recognise the circuit symbols (cell, battery, light bulb, switch, ammeter, voltmeter, resistor and rheostat)","- state the properties of permanent magnets (e.g. two opposite poles, attraction and repulsion)","- be aware that household electrical appliances are energy convertors making use of heating effect and magnetic effect of current","- recognise that healthy lifestyles (e.g. balanced diet, appropriate amount of physical activities, enough rest) and prevention of diseases are required for keeping our bodies healthy","- recognise the structure of teeth","- identify the cerebrum and cerebellum and state their functions","- identify the main parts of the breathing system in humans","- recognise that most infectious diseases are caused by infection of microorganisms","- describe the key functions of the six main types of food substances, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals (calcium, iron and iodine) and dietary fibre","- identify the main parts of the digestive system in humans and state their functions","- recognise that a balanced diet involves the intake of different food substances in the right proportion and amount.","- recognise some basic properties of light\n   -> light can travel in vacuum\n   -> light travels in straight line\n   -> light can exhibit reflection and refraction","- identify the main parts of an eye through experiment (S)","- recognise that sound is produced by vibrations","- recognise that light rays converge after passing through a convex lens","- recognise that lights of different colours have different frequencies","- state the range of frequencies audible to humans","- use diagrams to show the processes involved in carbon cycle (S)","- describe various kinds of minerals in the sea","- recognise that some metals occur in their elemental forms in Nature while most exist as compounds","- recognise that Periodic Table is a way to organise elements in a systematic order","- recognise crude oil as a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules of different sizes","- describe some environmental problems associated with the use of materials (e.g. plastics, metals)"]
["- state the major steps of a scientific investigation","- conduct proper measurements with the use of appropriate apparatuses (e.g. stop watch, metre rule, measuring cylinder, electronic balance and thermometer) (S)","- recognise the laboratory safety rules","- state that scientists put living things into different groups according to their key features","---","- recognise  that cells can divide, grow and differentiate into different types of cells","- recognise the major organs (e.g. lungs, stomach, brain) and the components of systems (e.g. breathing system, digestive system) in the human body","- describe the signs of maturation of the reproductive system and the secondary sexual characteristics appeared during puberty","- state that DNA encodes the instructions that determine different traits in organisms","- be aware that parenting is essential for the growth of infants","- recognise that variations are determined by heredity and the environment","- recognise different types of scientific investigations : fair testing, classifying and pattern seeking (S)","- give examples of different types of scientific models","- state that the atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the Earth","- investigate different methods of purification and separation (e.g. filtration, distillation, use of magnets, use of water purification tablets and sedimentation) (S)","- compare physical features of the Earth, the Moon and other planets (e.g. the composition of an atmosphere, average surface temperature, presence of water, mass, gravity, distance from the Sun, the period of revolution and rotation, and the potential conditions to support life)","- collect evidence to show that light, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water are the necessary factors for photosynthesis (S)","- state that an ecosystem is the interactions between organisms and their environment","- give examples of the benefits of biodiversity to humans (e.g. provision of resources such as food, medicine, raw materials)","- recognise that carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases which absorb and re-emit heat back to the Earth’s surface","- recognise the increase in temperature will cause the particles gain more energy and vibrate more vigorously","- infer the floating and sinking of an object by comparing its density with that of its surrounding medium (S)","- recognise that the thermal energy will be absorbed or released during the change of physical states of substances while the temperature remains constant","- recognise that energy is conserved in an energy transformation process","- identify the evidence for heat transfer processes: conduction, convection and radiation (S)","- state some characteristics of protons, neutrons and electrons","- recognise that chemical change is a process of formation of new substances in a reaction","- be aware that solute is a substance lesser by volume or mass in a solution","- state the properties of acids and alkalis","- write balanced chemical equations for some reactions between elements to form compounds (hydrogen chloride, water and carbon dioxide) (S)","- recognise that the speed of an object will change over time when it is accelerating or decelerating","- perform simple calculation of the net force acting on an object (S)","- recognise that atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by the overhead atmosphere on the surface (in unit area) of an object","- use evidence to examine the relationship between temperature, volume of gas and gas pressure : (S)\n   -> the gas pressure in a fixed container increases when the temperature in the container is increasing\n   -> the volume of a balloon will vary when temperature inside the balloon changes\n   -> balloon expands when inflated","- draw and interpret simple circuit diagrams (S)","- be aware of the variation of strength of the magnetic force varies with the change in distance","- state the mains voltage in Hong Kong","- investigate the effect of physical exercise on breathing rate and heart rate (S)","- recognise the types and functions of teeth in humans","- recognise the harmful effects of drinking alcohol and taking drugs on our judgements, responses and our health","- describe the exchange of gases between air sacs and the surrounding blood capillaries","- recognise that some non-infectious diseases are related to unhealthy lifestyles","- conduct food tests (S)","- recognise that food has to be digested into simple and soluble substances before it can be absorbed and used by body cells","- explain the energy requirement for people of different age, sex and occupation","- state the laws of reflection","- state the functions of the main parts of an eye","- recognise some basic properties of sound\n   -> sound requires a medium for transmission\n   -> sound transmits at different speed in different medium\n   -> sound can exhibit reflection","- construct the images formed by convex lenses using ray diagrams (S)","- state that the speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s","- be aware that the range of frequencies audible to humans is different from other animals","- be aware of different methods on carbon dioxide gas removal and storage (e.g. forestation, biochar, direct air capture)","- conduct chemical tests to show the presence of water and sodium chloride in provided samples (S)","- be aware of the methods for extraction of metals from their ores (e.g. physical method, heating alone and heating with carbon)","- be aware that scientists in the past organise elements according to the mass of atoms and their chemical properties","- relate the physical properties of the hydrocarbons to their sizes (S)","- state some solutions to the problems of using materials (e.g. plastics, metals)"]
["- be aware that scientists will critically assess new discoveries by peer-review","- be aware that error is the difference between the true value and the measured value in an experiment (S)","- identify some safety equipment in school laboratories","- identify the key features for distinguishing between invertebrates and vertebrates (S)",null," -  recognise the major cell structures and their primary functions (e.g. cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplast and vacuole)","- recognise the role of major organs and systems in human body (e.g. organs involved in breathing)","-  identify the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems","-  state that sex cells carry one set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes) in humans","- recognise the need of family planning","- give examples on continuous variation and discontinuous variation in humans","- identify different types of variables in a scientific investigation (S)","- be aware of different ways of scientific reasoning for establishing scientific knowledge and make inference:\n' using specific data to induce general conclusions, recognising trends or developing scientific models\n' using scientific models or trends to deduce a specific result\n' making inference of the most possible explanation to the observed phenomena\n' making informed decision based on the likelihood of phenomena to be occurred","- state the percentage of main gases in air","- recognise that fresh water is a precious natural resource and the importance of water conservation","- appreciate the contributions and achievements in space exploration programmes by our country (e.g. Tiangong Space Station, China Manned Space Program) ","- recognise that the carbohydrates produced in plants can be used immediately or stored as starch for later use","- identify and give examples of producers, consumers and decomposers (S)","- state that some human activities (e.g. deforestation, destruction of habitat) may threaten the survival of some species and may lead to biodiversity loss","- recognise some human activities can disrupt the balance of carbon dioxide in Nature","- recognise the differences in relative speed and distance between particles in solids, liquids, and gases","- explain the effect of temperature change on the density of a substance","- interpret a temperature about the change of physical states of substances (e.g. melting, freezing, boiling and condensation) (S)","---","- give examples of daily life applications of heat transfer processes","- state the names and symbols for some common elements from Periodic Table (e.g. H, O, C, Ne, N, Li, Na, Mg, Si, Fe, Cl, S)","- classify different processes as physical changes or chemical changes (e.g. burning, oxidation, rusting, distillation, evaporation, filtration, crushing of stones, melting) (S)","- be aware that solvent is a substance greater by volume or mass in a solution","- distinguish acidic solutions, alkaline solutions and neutral solutions with the use of natural pigments or acid-alkali indicators (S)","- give examples of energy releasing and energy absorbing processes (e.g. combustion, rusting, neutralisation, evaporation, dissolving of salts) ","- investigate the motion of an object (e.g. free-falling) (S)","---","- use evidence to show that the atmospheric pressure varies with altitude (S)","---","- recognise electric current as a flow of charges and voltage as energy of charges","- describe the structure of a simple electromagnet","- recognise fuses and circuit breakers as devices in protecting circuits","---","- explain the causes of tooth decay and periodontal diseases","---","- describe how smoking affects gas exchange in humans","- recognise some ways for reducing the risk of infectious diseases (e.g. maintaining personal hygiene, vaccination and herd immunity)","- compare the amount of vitamin C in different fruits (S)","- construct a model using dialysis tubing to simulate the absorption of food in a gut (S)","- calculate the energy value of different foods (S)","- draw ray diagram to construct the image formed by a plane mirror (S)","- describe briefly how an image is formed on the retina","- recognise that some animals (e.g. bats) use echoes to navigate and adapt in the environment","- describe the nature of images formed by convex lenses","- recognise that light travel in different speed under different media","- discuss the health and environmental effects of noise pollution and the importance of acoustic protection","- recognise the processes involved in fractional distillation of liquid air","- evaluate the appropriateness of using evaporation, distillation, crystallization and filtration for different physical separation situations (S)","- write equations of the reactions involved in the extraction of metals from ores : (S)\n   -> heating alone\n   -> heating with carbon","- recognise that the modern Periodic Table lists elements in order of increasing atomic number","- recognise that fractional distillation is the method for separating crude oil into different fractions","---"]
["- give examples of the daily life application of science, innovation and technology","- be aware that the measurement is considered to be accurate if the error is small (S)","- be aware that hazard is the factor causing potential harm (S)","- identify the key features for distinguishing between fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals (S)",null," - examine cells under a microscope and identify structures of the observed cells (S)","---","- state that sperms and ova are the sex cells","- state the zygote formed from fertilisation carries two sets of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)","- state that the prevention of the fusion of ovum and sperm is one of the basic principles of birth control","- give examples on inherited characteristics and acquired traits","- recognise the role of a control experiment for ensuring the scientific investigationis valid for establishing causality (S)","- be aware of the limitations of the scientific reasoning for establishing science knowledge and making inference (S)","- recognise the forms of freshwater existing on Earth (ice glaciers, streams and wetlands)","- state different ways to conserve water","- be aware of the contribution of local scientists in national space research project (e.g. Space Agriculture Research, Deep Space Exploration, Lunar Surface Sampling)","- recognise that respiration is a process in which food is broken down to convert energy for use in cells ","- construct and interpret food webs to represent the feeding relationships of organisms (S)","- give examples of some endangered species","- recognise the possible impacts (e.g. global warming) of intensified greenhouse gas emissions on the environment and human health","- construct diagrams of particles to explain some common phenomena: (S)\n   -> diffusion of liquids or gases\n   -> the physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases (e.g. compressibility)\n   -> thermal expansion and contraction","---","---",null,"---","- recognise that mixtures are formed when two or more substances mix with each other without the formation of a new substances","- conduct tests to investigate the physical properties of a compound and its constituent elements (S)","- examine that mass is conserved during dissolving (S)","- use appropriate instruments to measure precisely the pH of the solution (S)","---","- interpret a distance-time graph (S)",null,"- recognise that water pressure is the weight exerted by water on the surface of a submerged object",null,"- investigate the effect of length, thickness, and the material of the wire on the resistance of a circuit (S)","- investigate the factors affecting the strength of the electromagnet (S)","- explain why parallel circuits are preferred to series circuits in domestic circuits",null,"- state the ways of protecting our teeth and gum",null,"- recognise the harmful effects of smoking on our health and the associated risk (e.g. causing lung cancer and heart diseases)","- be aware that immunity is one's ability to defend against infection (e.g. antibodies and white blood cells in the blood help the body resist infection)","- be aware of the building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins","- recognise that there are mechanical digestion and chemical digestion","- state the effect of insufficient intake of food substances on health, including proteins, dietary fibre, some vitamins (vitamin A, C and D) and minerals (calcium, iron and iodine)","- describe the nature of images formed by plane mirror","- compare the shapes of the lens when seeing near objects and distant objects","- relate the frequency and amplitude of vibrations with the pitch and loudness of a note (S)","- find out the magnification of images formed by convex lenses (S)","- use the formula (v = fl) to calculate the speed, wavelength, and frequency of light (S)","- be aware that the noise produced by industry (e.g. maritime industry, construction industry) will affect habitats for animals (e.g. dolphins and whales)","- give examples of innovative ways of harvesting fresh water from the atmosphere (e.g. using mesh net to harvest fog in air)","- investigate the electrolysis of sea water (S)","- describe different forms of calcium carbonate in Nature","- identify the evidence to show that elements in the same group of the Periodic Table exhibit some common properties (S)","- state some major uses (e.g. fuels, solvents and raw materials for making plastics) of the different fractions"]
["- be aware of the responsibility towards promoting science ethics, animal welfare and environmental sustainability","- be aware that precision refers to the spread between measured values and can be found by repeated measurements (S)","- identify some common hazard warning symbols","- identify the key features for distinguishing between non-vascular plants and vascular plants, seedless plants and seed plants, non-flowering plants and flowering plants (S)",null," -  compare the structural similarities and differences of plant cells and animal cells",null,"- recognise that fertilisation occurs in oviduct when a sperm fuses with an ovum","- be aware that the sex of the zygote is determined by the sex chromosomes","- recognise various methods of birth control","- construct and interpret bar charts and histograms showing the distribution of variations in a group (S)","- be aware that the conclusion drawn from the experiments is used to support or refute the hypothesis set in the scientific investigation (S)","---","- construct a diagram to show the major processes in water cycle : evaporation, condensation and precipitation (S)","- construct a concept map to show the relationship of the following : the causes of water pollution, the harmful effects of water pollution on humans and the environment, the methods to control water pollution (S)","---","- write word equations of photosynthesis and respiration (S)","- recognise the predation, competition and symbiosis relationship between organisms","- recognise the importance of environmental conservation and the protection of wild life","- recognise the importance of practising low-carbon living","- examine that only the volume but not the mass of the substances will change in thermal expansion or contraction (S)",null,null,null,null,"- distinguish pure substances and mixtures (S)","---","- calculate the concentration (in g/mL) of a solution (S)","- investigate the observable changes when neutralisation reaction occurs (S)",null,"- distinguish contact force and non-contact force acting on an object (e.g. normal force, friction, elastic force and force of gravity) (S)",null,"- give examples of daily life applications of pressure",null,"- investigate the effect of varying resistance on the current in the circuit (S)","- explain briefly the day life applications of electromagnets (e.g. doorbell, metal recycling factory)","- recognise the danger of overloading in the use of universal adaptors",null,"---",null,"---","- be aware that antibiotics work by killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth, and are used to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria","- state the importance of water to the human body","- recognise that some digestive juices contain enzymes for chemical digestion","- recognise that unbalanced diet will increase the risk of certain health problems (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and hypertension)","- examine the laws of refraction through experimental data (S)","- be aware that rod cells and cone cells are the light sensitive cells","- find out how the loudness of a note changes with distance from the source (S)","- recognise that light rays diverge after passing through a concave lens","- recognise that some objects will absorb and reflect light of certain wavelength","---","- conduct tests to distinguish oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gases (S)","---","- recognise that dilute acids can attack metals and some building materials (e.g. limestone and marble)","- give examples of elements in different groups and their applications","- recognise that plastics are macromolecules made by joining up many hydrocarbon molecules"]
["---","- recognise some sources of error in measurement (zero error, parallax and reading error) (S)","- recognise some measures to minimise and control the risk in laboratory accidents","- construct a simple key for identification of living things (S)",null,"---",null,"- state that the development of the embryo begins before the implantation in the uterine lining","- identify sex chromosome by examining the photomicrographs of the complete set of chromosomes in a cell (S)","- recognise the importance of preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases","---","- recognise some ways for testing the reliability of the conclusion drawn in a scientific investigation (e.g. repeating the experiment with the same set of apparatuses, reproducing the experiment in different environment or with a different set of apparatuses) (S)",null,"- be aware of the role of plants in water cycle (e.g. transpiration) ","- be aware of our responsibility to minimise water pollution",null,"---","- identify different interactions (e.g. predation, competition and symbiosis) between organisms (S)","---","- state the advantages of planting that benefit the environment and its role in alleviating the climate change","- give examples of daily life applications of thermal expansion and contraction",null,null,null,null,"- be aware that compounds are formed by elements joining together chemically (e.g. CO2 is a compound constituted of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms)",null,"- investigate factors affecting the rate of dissolving, such as temperature, stirring and the surface area of solute in contact with the solvent (S)","- recognise that acids and alkalis can be irritating or corrosive and may cause injuries to our bodies",null,"- recognise that friction is the contact force that opposes the motion or tendency of motion between contact surfaces",null,"---",null,"- identify series circuits and parallel circuits","- recognise the magnetic effect of current","- recognise the condition leading to short circuits and its danger",null,null,null,null,"- be aware that indiscriminate use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance","---","- state that most digested food substances are absorbed in the small intestine and carried to all parts of the body via the transport system","- describe the effects of under-eating and over-eating on weight and health","- use the formula (n=sin⁡ i / sin ⁡r ) to perform calculation when light travel through different media from the air (S)","- give examples of defects or diseases of the eye (e.g. colour blindness, astigmatism, cataract)","---","- construct the images formed by concave lenses using ray diagrams (S)","- state the relative positions of visible light and other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum",null,"- be aware of the sources of common air pollutants",null,"- investigate factors (e.g. surface area) affecting the rate of the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute acids (S)","- identify evidence to show that the chemical properties among elements in the same group are similar but with different reactivity (S)","- give examples of plastics (e.g. PE and PVC) and their usage"]
[null,"---"," '- describe how to handle some common laboratory accidents","- give examples to illustrate the structural and behavioural characteristics by organisms that facilitate them in surviving and passing on their characteristics to their offspring",null,null,null," -  recognise the development of the embryo into foetus inside the mother’s body and the birth of a baby"," -  state that there exists four kinds of bases, A, T, C and G of DNA","---",null,"---",null,"- recognise that the Sun provides the source of energy to drive water cycle on the Earth","- be aware of the concerns about using fossil fuels (e.g. limited supply and pollution problem) and nuclear power",null,null,"---",null,"---","---",null,null,null,null,"- classify substances as elements or compounds based on their chemical formula (e.g. H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4, C, O2, N2, Na, Ne) (S)",null," -  use the solubility curve of a solute to explain observations about dissolving (S)","- recognise that mixing common cleansing products may be hazardous",null,"- investigate the factors (e.g. texture of surfaces) affecting the frictional force between an object and a surface (S)",null,null,null,"- measure the current and voltage in series and parallel circuits (S)","---","- state safety precautions in using electricity",null,null,null,null,"- recognise some risk factors for cancers (e.g. chemicals, radiations, viral infections, genetic factors)",null,"---","---","- examine the conditions for total internal reflection through experiments (S)","- state the functions of the main parts of an ear",null,"- describe the nature of images formed by concave lenses","- describe the invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum",null,"- be aware that Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) informs the public of the short-term health risk of air pollution",null,"- recognise that flame tests can be conducted to show the presence of metals in ore samples","---","- be aware that new plastics are invented based on the emerging needs in our society"]
[null,null,"- recognise the fire triangle and the various ways of putting out a fire","- be aware that some mammals possesses structural characteristics different from others (e.g. echidna, dolphin and bat)",null,null,null,"---"," -  state that the double helix structure of DNA depends on the base pairing of A with T and C with G",null,null,null,null,"- recognise the role of cloud movement and water  circulation on the renewal of freshwater on Earth’s surface","- recognise the need for developing renewable energy sources (e.g. solar energy, biomass energy, wind power and hydroelectric power)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"---",null,"---","- describe the emergency treatment for accidents involving acids or alkalis",null,"- recognise that air resistance as the opposing force when an object moves in air",null,null,null,"- recognise the heating effect of current",null,"- use formula (power = energy / time) to calculate the power of an electrical appliance (S)",null,null,null,null,"- recognise the importance of healthy lifestyles to reduce the risk of certain non-infectious diseases (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and diabetes)",null,null,null,"- recognise that prism can be used for splitting white light into lights of different colours","- be aware that there are specialised sensory cells in the cochlea for detecting vibrations",null,"- find out the magnification of images formed by concave lenses (S)","- give exmaples of the daily life applications of electromagnetic spectrum",null,"---",null,"- recognise the causes of acid rain and ocean acidification, and its effects on the environment and living things",null,"- propose solutions to separate mixed plastic samples by type (S)"]
[null,null,"---","---",null,null,null,null,"- recognise that the instructions encoded in DNA depends on the base sequence of the DNA , which determines the production of proteins",null,null,null,null,"- propose diverse and original solutions to collect and conserve freshwater (S)","---",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"---",null,"- be aware that force of gravity is a non-contact force exerted on an object pulling it towards the centre of the Earth",null,null,null,"---",null,"- use formula (efficiency = useful power output / power input x 100%) to calculate the efficiency of an electrical appliance (S)",null,null,null,null,"- be aware of the medical related applications of biotechnology",null,null,null,"---","- state some ways of protecting our eyes and ears",null,"- recognise the causes and correction methods of long sight and short sight","- recognise potential hazards of using electromagnetic radiations and the associated risk",null,null,null,"---",null,"---"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"- construct a model of DNA to demonstrate the double helix structures as well as the base pairing (S)",null,null,null,null,"---",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"- recognise weight as a measure of force of gravity acting on an object",null,null,null,null,null,"- calculate the cost of using electrical appliances using kilowatt-hour (kWh) as a unit of electrical energy (S)",null,null,null,null,"---",null,null,null,null,"---",null,"---","---"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"---",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"- recognise the relationship between weight and mass",null,null,null,null,null,"---"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"- be aware of the difference in weight for an object located on different planets (e.g. Earth and Mars) or moons"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"- use evidence to show that action and reaction pairs are forces equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and acting on different objects (S)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"---"]

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["Learning events in Science lessons"]
[]
[null,"Passive","Active","Constructive","Interactive"]
["Asking scientific questions","Listen to the teacher posing scientific questions","Select scientific questions from provided materials.","Ask genuine scientific questions","Discuss with peers to create genuine scientific questions"]
["Creating scientific models","Read textbooks to understand some scientific models","Follow given instructions to build models step-by-step","Find patterns from scientific data and construct models accordingly.","Collaboratively build scientific models in groups to explain phenomena."]
["Planning and conducting investigations","Read provided procedures for scientific experiments or investigations.","Follow fixed steps to conduct experiments or investigations.","Design investigations or write experimental steps","Collaboratively design investigations or write experimental steps in groups."]
["Using creative thinking","Read textbooks to understand different methods of solving scientific problems","Write different methods to solve problems based on teacher’s questions and related data","Propose genuine methods or improve existing methods to solve problems","Discuss with peers to propose multiple genuine methods or improve existing methods to solve problems."]
["Analyzing data","Listen to the teacher explaining data patterns and results","Analyse data step-by-step","Search for additional data to further analyse","Collaborate in groups to search for additional data and further analyse"]
["Constructing scientific explanations","Read textbooks or listen to teachers explaining scientific concepts","Explain phenomena based on given assignments after listening to teachers","Apply learned concepts and data to create explanations in unfamiliar situations","Discuss with peers and apply learned concepts and data to create explanations in unfamiliar situations"]
["Conducting evidence-based scientific arguments","Read textbooks to learn about scientific arguments and evidence related to certain issues","Write scientific arguments based on provided data within a fixed framework (Claim-Evidence-Reasoning)","Analyse data, summarise evidence and write scientific arguments","Analyse data, summarize evidence, write different scientific arguments, and engage in scientific debates in groups"]
["Communicating and evaluating science","Listen to the teacher presenting scientific conclusions","Express scientific ideas following fixed steps and formats","Creatively express scientific ideas such as reflection articles and science posters.","Discuss with peers to creatively express scientific ideas, such as reflection articles and science posters"]
[]
["Double click the boxes with the scientific skills involved in the lesson, right click to erase"]