1) Personal Needs and Development across Lifespan

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Highlights
1. Physical, intellectual, emotional and social developments
Physical  | - Growth : changes in appearance, body shape and weight
 - Development in one’s physical skills: gross motor skills (e.g. running) and fine motor skills (e.g.writing)
 
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Intellectual  | - Development of the ability to memorize, reason, analyze and make rational decisions including language development and cognitive development
 
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Emotional  | - Development of the ability to recognize and express emotions properly, including joy, anger, grief, fear and frustration
 
 - Development of the ability to cope with stress, worries and depression in daily life
 
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| Social | - Development of the ability to establish and maintain good relationships with others
 
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2. Theories of Development| Piaget’s theory of cognitive development | Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational 
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| Freud’s theory of psychosexual development | Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage 
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| Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development | Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority Identity versus role confusion Intimacy versus isolation Generativity versus stagnation Integrity versus despair 
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| Kohlberg’s theory of moral development |  | - Stage 1 punishment-obedience orientation
 - Stage 2 instrumental-relativist orientation
 
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 | - Stage 3 interpersonal-concordance orientation
 - Stage 4 authority and social order-maintaining orientation
 
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 | - Stage 5 social-contract legalistic orientation
 - Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation
 
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 3. Attachment
- Secure attachment
 - Ambivalent attachment
 - Avoidant attachment
 
4. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualisation
 
5. Self-concept- Self-image – how one perceives and understands oneself
 - Ideal self – a person that one would like to be
 - Self-esteem – how one feels and judges oneself
 
6. Parenting Style- Neglecting
 - Permissive
 - Authoritarian
 - Authoritative
 
7. Stages of grief- Denial
 - Anger
 - Bargaining
 - Depression
 - Acceptance